![]() ![]() Thus, the intended nanoparticles should be tested for toxicity and the nanomaterial as a carrier ideally should not influence cellular functions itself, that is, only the payload should exert such an effect. Here, nanomaterials could provide a means of manipulating the fate of the stem cells, for example, by influencing migration in vivo by (over-)expression of homing receptors or influencing stem cell differentiation by providing the cells with an intracellular depot of a drug or a nucleic acid construct with slow release kinetics. More advanced approaches address the delivery of drugs or other agents into stem cells, as stem cells are regularly processed ex vivo and are therefore amenable to further treatment. Superparamagentic iron oxide particles (SPIONs) are used for this purpose but also gadolinium-loaded nanotubes can be rendered magnetic with the objective of keeping the stem cells at a desired place in the human body. Labeling with iron-containing particles provides the possibility to track the cell fate in vivo by using noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). One of the reasons is that nanoparticles (materials with dimensions well below the micrometer range) have been proposed for labeling of primary cells, including stem cells, in order to study homing and engraftment or to deliver drugs. Interaction of different stem cell types with nanomaterials has been of interest lately for several reasons. On the other hand qPCR analysis showed significant changes in the expression of some (but not all) investigated lineage markers for both primary cell types. For hHSCs and hMSCs, lineage differentiation into erythrocytes, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes or adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes, was not influenced by the particles when analyzed with lineage specific cluster of differentiation markers. We assume that this is due to an increase of free intracellular iron ions but obviously also depends on the cell type. The PLLA–Fe particle showed a significant increase in the IL-8 release in hMSCs but not in hHSCs. During the differentiation process, the payload of particles per cell decreased. Flow cytometry and microscopy analysis showed high uptake rates and no toxicity for all four tested particles in hMSCs and hHSCs. As model systems of nanoparticles, two sets of either bioinert (polystyrene without carboxylic groups on the surface) or biodegradable (PLLA without magnetite) particles were analyzed. In this study we systematically investigated the influence of polymeric nanoparticles on the cell functionality and differentiation capacity of hHSCs and hMSCs to obtain a deeper knowledge of the interaction of stem cells and nanoparticles. Here, we report on the influence of polymeric nanoparticles on human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The impact of nanoparticles on primary cell types remains much more elusive as most groups study the nanoparticle–cell interaction in malignant cell lines. The combination of stem cell therapy and nanoparticles promises to enhance the effect of cellular therapies by using nanocarriers as drug delivery devices to guide the further differentiation or homing of stem cells. ![]()
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